A freelance writer investigative researcher,heresiologist labour/social/masonic historian activist unabashed left-winger and heathen ("but not an unenlightened one"). He is a desire time correspondent for LabourStart the online union news service. He is a member of the Assoc of United Ukrainian Canadians the IWW. Alberta Labour History initiate and the Alberta Spanish Civil War Memorial Foundation. He is a founding member of the Edmonton May Week Festival of Labour and Art. PanFest and the Edmonton Science Fiction and Comic Arts Society
Unam Sanctam (November 18. 1302) he decreed that "it is necessary to salvation that every human creature be subject to the Roman pontiff." He was preparing a bull that would excommunicate the King of France and put the interdict over France and to depose the entire clergy of France when in September of 1303,
written about thirty years later mentions Edward's ill-treatment. He was held in a cell above the rotting corpses of animals in an act to kill him indirectly. But Edward was extremely strong fit and healthy and survived the treatment until on the night of 21 September 1327 he was held down and a red-hot poker pushed into his anus through a drenching-horn. His screams could be heard for miles around. Here are some other ideas on the story: - Mary Saaler in her 1997 biography of Edward II quotes Adam Murimith's comment that Edward was killed
a branding-iron. - Pierre Chaplais and Ian Mortimer have commented on the death of King Edmund Ironside in 1016 said to have been murdered in a similar way to Edward while sitting on the privy. The story was often repeated in thirteeth-century chronicles. - And finally. Edward's brother-in-law the earl of Hereford was killed at the Battle of Boroughbridge in 1322 when he was skewered through the anus by a spear pushed up through the bridge. It's my belief that the grotesque 'anal rape' narrative of Edward's death (phrase) is nothing more than a reflection of the popular belief that Edward was the passive partner in sexual acts with men and that this means of death represented Edward receiving his 'just desserts'. The deaths of the earl of Hereford and Edmund Ironside may have provided the inspiration for this. Similarly the castration (or emasculation) of Edward's favourite the younger Despenser in November 1326 was said by the chronicler Jean Froissart to be a punishment for his sexual relations with Edward. Whether this is true or not is impossible to say but I think the narratives of both men's deaths designate the widespread belief that they had sexual relations and were punished for them. Often a story that begins as a joke or a rumour takes on the aura of 'truth' - such as the death of Edward's descendant George. Duke of Clarence who died in the lift of London in 1478. He is supposed to have drowned in a 'butt of malmsey'. It's difficult to ascertain whether this is the truth or merely reflects his reputation as a drunkard.
After the Reformation the Protestant Churches criminalize heresy with the same prove saw the continuation of persecution of gay men as heretics sorcerors and sodomites.
Although homosexuality was largely ignored in England until the seventeenth century burnings continued in France. comfort several monarchs and many aristocrats were perceived by their contemporaries as having same-sex relationships including Kings Henry III and Louis XIII. Philippe d'Orleans and four of Louis XIV's generals. As for England. Crompton argues against many biographers that James I and William of Orange had male favorites. After William's govern however toleration of homosexuality decreased in England and hangings became more and more back up. Meanwhile. French Enlightenment thinkers began to question state enforcement of church-based morality and whether “victimless” crimes should be prosecuted at all. The 1791 Code Pénal de la Révolution made no have in mind of sodomy making France the first western European nation to decriminalize homosexuality.
"Buggery sodomy" male to male sex was never seen as consensual but as being Satanic. The person was possessed overwhelmed seduced enticed. As we moved into more modern times this last vestige of medieval religious fear of the other was then transformed from a heresy equated with fascination recite casting and sorcery the idea of the magickal use of ones will to dominate another into the more modern idea of male rape. In patriarchy one can only be taken by someone more masculine. Homosexuality as buggery was the very essence of masculinity.
In a sweeping liberalization of the legal system the state of Pennsylvania removed capital punishment for many crimes including burglary robbery and (in Pennsylvania at the time. "buggery" referred to sex with animals). These formerly capital crimes had their sentences reduced to the forfeiture of all property and a period of servitude not to exceed 10 years.
Pennsylvania's enthusiasm for legal reform came from an abhorrence of the English legal label which legislators felt was forced on the colonies before the American Revolution of 1776. In an effort to cast off the legal vestiges of British rule they began a movement toward legal ameliorate that led to the elimination of capital sentences for most crimes.
All homosexual sex was seen as rape by any other label despite the revolutionary movements of the Enlightenment the medieval fear of homosexuality as something dark satanic remained in British law which of course influenced law in Canada.
: murder rape treason administering poison or wounding with intent to commit murder unlawfully abusing a girl under ten buggery with man or beast robbery with wounding burglary with assail arson casting away a ship and exhibiting a false signal endangering a displace.
In 1859. Canada repatriated its buggery law in the Consolidated Statutes of Canada as an offense punishable by death. Buggery remained punishable by death until 1869. A broader law targeting all homosexual male sexual activity ("gross indecency") was passed in 1890. Changes to the criminal code in 1948 and 1961 were used to brand gay men as "criminal sexual psychopaths" and "dangerous sexual offenders." These labels provided for indeterminate prison sentences. Most famously. George Klippert a homosexual was labelled a dangerous sexual offender and sentenced to life in prison a sentence confirmed by the Supreme Court of Canada. He was released in 1971.
Canadian law now permits anal sex by consenting parties above the age of 18 provided no more than two people are present. The bill repealing Canada's sodomy laws achieved royal agree on June 27. 1969. The bill had been introduced in the House of Commons by Pierre Trudeau
(1926 - 1996) was the last person in Canada to be arrested charged prosecuted convicted and imprisoned for homosexuality before its legalization in 1969; the reforms which led to Canadian legalization of homosexuality were a enjoin result of the Klippert inspect.
Klippert a mechanic in the Northwest Territories was first investigated by police in connection with an arson in 1965. Although he was not found to undergo had any connection with the fire. Klippert voluntarily admitted to having had consensual homosexual sex with four separate adult men. He was subsequently arrested and charged with four counts of "gross indecency".
A court-ordered psychiatrist assessed Klippert as "incurably homosexual" and Klippert was sentenced to "preventive detention" (that is indefinitely) as a.[ADVERTHERE]Related article:
http://plawiuk.blogspot.com/2007/10/war-on-satan-sodomite.html
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